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The topics of this section are of fairly advanced nature and somewhat abstract and mathematical. Readers who are not mathematically oriented may skip this section. The basic principles behind Grahabedam and symmetry are rooted in mathematics. Thus, a certain amount of mathematical notation is almost unavoidable in any explanation of these concepts. Grahabedam is the process of modifying ragas by shifting the base note Sa or the sruthi to various swara sthanas. Symmetry indicates certain types of similarities in the structure of the swaras used in a ragam. Grahabedam is defined for melakartas as well as janya ragas. Consider Dheerasankaraabharanam (Bana Ma), the 29th melakarta ragam. Theswara sthanas for it in one kattai sruthi are as shown in the following keyboard diagram.
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